Distinguishing the common types
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is diffuse anterior knee pain, worse with stairs and prolonged sitting, gradual onset. IT band syndrome is sharp lateral knee pain at a specific mileage threshold, worse downhill. Patellar tendinopathy is point tenderness below the kneecap. Pes anserine bursitis is medial knee pain, common in new runners. Meniscus issues usually start with a specific mechanism and produce deeper joint-line pain.
Why it happens
Volume jumps that violate the 10% rule, sudden hill or surface or shoe changes, hip and glute weakness (the upstream driver in most PFPS cases), cadence too low or overstriding, calf and quad strength deficits, and imbalanced training — lots of mileage with no strength work.
Evaluation
Sixty-minute evaluation. Single-leg squat, step-down, lateral step-down for movement screen. Hip strength testing — gluteus medius and external rotators are the usual deficit. Functional movement screen, gait observation, and treadmill jog assessment when appropriate.
Treatment approach
Hip and glute strengthening — the highest-evidence intervention for PFPS. Quad and calf strength (neglected by most runners). Cadence and form coaching with small, evidence-based changes. Manual therapy: patellar mobilization, soft tissue work for the IT band and TFL. Dry needling for quad, glute, and TFL trigger points. Return-to-run progression built around your race calendar, not around stopping entirely. Load monitoring — what to scale back, what to keep.
Costs, insurance, locations
Medicare, CareFirst, Aetna, UnitedHealthcare, Tricare. Self-pay $150. Capitol Hill, Bethesda, and in-home. Same-week evaluations.